Note from the blog owner: I came across the following article on the web, and although I am not a scientist, and have no thorough knowledge of medicine or chemistry, I found it quite convincing, mainly because of the bibliographic references at the end. Please know that I have equal respect for human and animal life, and would not put one before the other; this means that my views are generally modest and not hardcore. Notwithstanding, if a cruelty-free science could benefit enormously the lives of both humans and animals, it is essential we all encourage and support it. This means that we should all be willing to get educated on the topic, and not just guess upon our own assumed knowledge, and at the same time be ready to listen to the opposition's point of view, and even accept it, if there are enough arguments to support it.
Bad Science:
Bad Science:
1. Benzene was not withdrawn from use as an industrial chemical despite clinical and epidemiological evidence that exposure caused leukemia in humans, because manufacturer-supported tests failed to reproduce leukemia in mice.[1]
2. Smoking was thought to be non-carcinogenic, because smoking-related cancer is difficult to reproduce in lab animals. Consequently, many continued to smoke and to die from cancer.[2]
3. Animal experiments on rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, mice, monkeys, and baboons revealed no link between glass fibers and cancer. Not until 1991, due to human studies, did OSHA label it carcinogenic.[3][4][5]
4. Though arsenic was a known human carcinogen for decades, scientists still found little evidence in animals to support the conclusion as late as 1977.[6] This was the accepted view until it was eventually possible to produce in animals.[7][8][9]
5. Many humans continued to be exposed to asbestos and die because scientists could not reproduce the cancer in laboratory animals.
6. Pacemakers and heart valves were delayed in development because of physiological differences between animals on which they were designed and humans for whom they were intended.
7. Animal models of heart disease failed to show that a high-cholesterol / high-fat diet increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Instead of changing their eating habits to prevent the disease, people continued their lifestyles with a false sense of security.
8. Patients received medications that were harmful and/or ineffective due to animal models of stroke.
9. Animal studies predicted that beta-blockers would not lower blood pressure. This withheld their development.[10][11][12] Even animal experimenters admitted the failure of animal models of hypertension in this regard - but, in the meantime, there were thousands more stroke victims.
10. Surgeons thought they had perfected radial keratotomy, surgery performed to enable better vision without glasses, on rabbits - but the procedure blinded the first human patients. (The rabbit cornea is able to regenerate on the underside, whereas the human cornea can only regenerate on the surface). Surgery is now performed only on the surface.
11. Combined heart-lung transplants were supposedly ‘perfected’ on animals, but the first 3 human patients all died within 23 days.[13] Of the 28 patients operated on between 1981 and 1985, 8 died peri-operatively, and 10 developed obliterative bronchiolitis - a lung complication that the dogs on whom experiments had been conducted did not develop. Of those 10 humans who developed obliterative bronchiolitis, 4 died and 3 never breathed again without the aid of a respirator. Obliterative bronchiolitis turned out to be the most important risk of the operation.[14]
12. Cyclosporin A inhibits organ rejection, and its development was a watershed in the success of transplant operations. Had human evidence not overwhelmed unpromising evidence from animals, it would never have been released.[15]
13. Animal experiments failed to predict the kidney toxicity of the general anesthetic methoxyflurane. Many people lost all kidney function.
14. Animal experiments delayed the use of muscle relaxants during general anesthesia.
15. Research on animals failed to reveal bacteria as a cause of ulcers and delayed treating ulcers with antibiotics.
16. More than half of the 198 new medications released between 1976 and 1985 were either withdrawn or relabeled secondary to severe unpredicted side effects.[16] These side effects included complications such as lethal dysrhythmias, heart attacks, kidney failure, seizures, respiratory arrest, liver failure, and stroke - among others.
17. Flosint, an arthritis medication, was tested on rats, monkeys and dogs; all tolerated the medication well. However, in humans, it caused deaths.
18. Zelmid, an antidepressant, was tested on rats and dogs without incident - but it caused severe neurological problems in humans.
19. Nomifensine, another antidepressant, was linked to kidney and liver failure, anemia, and death in humans. And yet animal testing had indicated that it could be used without side-effects occurring.
20. Amrinone, a medication used for heart failure, was tested on numerous animals and was released without any trepidation. But humans developed thrombocytopenia, a lack of the type of blood cells that are needed for clotting.
21. Fialuridine, an antiviral medication, caused liver damage in 7 out of 15 people. 5 eventually died and 2 more needed liver transplants.[17] And yet it had worked well in woodchucks.[18][19]
22. Clioquinol, an antidiarrheal, passed tests in rats, cats, dogs, and rabbits. But it had to be withdrawn all over the world in 1982 after it was found to cause blindness and paralysis in humans.
23. Eraldin, a medication for heart disease, caused deaths and blindness in humans despite the fact that no untoward effects could be shown in animals. When introduced, scientists said it was noted for the thoroughness of toxicity studies on animals. Afterwards, scientists were unable to reproduce these results in animals.[20]
24. Opren, an arthritis medication, killed 61 people. Over 3500 cases of severe reactions have been documented. Opren had been tested on monkeys and other animals without problems.
25. Zomax, another arthritis drug, was responsible for the deaths of 14 people and caused suffering to many more.
26. The dose of isoproterenol, a medication used to treat asthma, was calculated in animals. Unfortunately, it was much too toxic for humans. 3500 asthmatics died in Great Britain alone due to overdose. It is still difficult to reproduce these results in animals.[21][22][23][24][25][26]
27. Methysergide, a medication used to treat headaches, led to retroperitoneal fibrosis, or severe scarring of the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels in the abdomen.[27] Scientists have been unable to reproduce this in animals.[28]
28. Suprofen, an arthritis drug, was withdrawn from the market when patients suffered kidney toxicity. Prior to its release, researchers had this to say about the animal tests: ‘…excellent safety profile. No…cardiac, renal, or CNS [central nervous system] effects in any species’.[29][30]
29. Surgam, another arthritis drug, was designed to have a stomach protection factor that would prevent stomach ulcers - a common side effect of many arthritis drugs. Although promising in lab animal tests, ulcers occurred in human trials.[31][32]
30. Selacryn, a diuretic, was thoroughly tested on animals - but it was withdrawn in 1979 after 24 people died from drug induced liver failure.[33][34]
31. Perhexiline, a heart medication, was withdrawn when it produced liver failure which had not been predicted by animal testing. Even when the particular type of liver failure was known, it could not be induced in animals.
[35] 32. Domperidone, designed as a treatment for nausea and vomiting, made human hearts beat irregularly and had to be withdrawn. Scientists were unable to reproduce this in dogs even with 70 times the normal dose.[36][37]
33. Mitoxantrone, a treatment for cancer, produced heart failure in humans. It was extensively tested on dogs, which did not manifest this effect.[38][39]
34. Carbenoxalone was supposed to prevent formation of gastric ulcers but caused people to retain water to the point of heart failure. After vivisectors knew what it did to humans, they tested it on rats, mice, monkeys, and rabbits but could not reproduce this effect.[40][41]
35. Clindamycin, an antibiotic, causes a bowel condition called pseudomenbraneous colitis. And yet it was tested in rats and dogs every day for a year; moreover, these animals were able to tolerate doses ten times greater than humans are able to.[42][43][44]
36. Animal experiments did not support the efficacy of valium-type drugs during development or subsequently.[45][46]
37. The pharmaceutical companies Pharmacia and Upjohn discontinued clinical tests of its Linomide (roquinimex) tablets for the treatment of multiple sclerosis after several patients suffered heart attacks. Of 1,200 patients, 8 suffered heart attacks as a result of taking the medication. Animal experiments had not predicted this.
38. Cylert (pemoline), a medication used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, caused liver failure in 13 children. Eleven either died or required a liver transplant.
39. Eldepryl (selegiline), a medication used to treat Parkinson’s disease, was found to induce very high blood pressure. This side effect has not been seen in animals.
40. The diet drug combination of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine was linked to heart valve abnormalities and withdrawn, although animal studies had never revealed heart abnormalities.[47]
41. The diabetes medication troglitazone, better known as Rezulin, was tested on animals without significant problems but caused liver damage in humans. The manufacturer admitted that at least one patient had died and another had to undergo a liver transplant as a result.[48]
42. The plant digitalis has been used for centuries to treat heart disorders. However, clinical trials of the digitalis-derived drug were delayed because it caused high blood pressure in animals. Fortunately, human evidence overrode animal data; as a result, digoxin - an analogue of digitalis - has saved countless lives. Many more people could have survived had the animal testing been ignored and digitalis been released earlier.[49][50][51][52]
43. FK 506, now called Tacrolimus, is an anti-rejection agent that was almost abandoned before proceeding to clinical trials due to severe toxicity in animals.[53][54] Animal studies suggested that the combination of FK 506 with cyclosporin might prove more useful.[55] In fact, just the opposite proved true in humans.[56]
44. Animal experiments suggested that corticosteroids would help septic shock, a severe bacterial infection of the blood.[57][58] However, humans reacted differently. This treatment increased the death rate in cases of septic shock.[59]
45. Despite the ineffectiveness of penicillin in rabbits, Alexander Fleming used the antibiotic on a very sick patient since he had nothing else to try. Fortunately, Fleming’s initial tests were not on guinea pigs or hamsters, because it kills them. Howard Florey, the Nobel Prize winner credited with co-discovering and manufacturing penicillin, stated: "How fortunate we didn’t have these animal tests in the 1940s, for penicillin would probably never have been granted a license and possibly the whole field of antibiotics might never have been realized."
46. Fluoride, a cavity preventative, was initially withheld because it caused cancer in rats.[60][61][62]
47. The notoriously dangerous drugs thalidomide and DES were tested in animals and released for human usage. Tens of thousands suffered and/or died as a result.
48. Animal experiments misinformed researchers about how rapidly HIV replicates. Based on this false information, patients did not receive prompt therapies and their lives were shortened.
49. Animal-based research delayed the development of the polio vaccine, according to Dr. Albert Sabin, its inventor. The first rabies and polio vaccines worked well on animals but crippled or killed the people who tried them.
50. Researchers who work with animals have succumbed to illness and death due to exposure to diseases that while harmless to the animal host (such as Hepatitis B) are potentially or actually deadly for humans.
References:
[1]Lancet, June 25 1977, pp1348-9.
[2]N. Sax, Cancer-causing Chemicals, Van Nostrand 1981.
[3]The Guardian, July 20 1991.
[4]Occupational Lung Disorders, Butterworth 1982.
[5]Toxicology and Industrial Health, 1990, vol.6, pp293-307.
[6]J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1969, vol.42, pp1045-52.
[7]Br. J. Cancer, 1947, vol.1, pp192-251.
[8]Advances in Modern Toxicology, vol.2, Wiley, 1977.
[9]J. Nat. Cancer Inst, 1962, vol.5, p459.
[10]D. Fitzgerald, The Development of New Cardiovascular Drugs in Recent Developments in Cardiovascular Drugs, eds. Coltart and Jewitt, Churchill, Livingstone, 1981.
[11]Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1980 Part 2, S9-S24.
[12]Pharmacy International, Feb. 1986; pp33-37.
[13]Lancet, i, 1983, pp130-2.
[14]Lancet, 1, no. 8480, March 8, 1996, pp517-519.
[15]Annals of Internal Medicine, 1984, vol.101, pp667-682.
[16]GAO/PEMD-90-15 FDA Drug Review: Postapproval Risks, 1976-1985.
[17]NEJM, 333;1099-1105, 1995.
[18]J. NIH Res., 1993, 5, pp33-35.
[19]Nature, 1993, July 22, p275.
[20]Nature, 1982, April 1, pp387-90. and British Medical Journal, 1983, Jan 15, pp199-202, and Drug Monitoring, 1977 and Pharmacologist, 1964, vol. 6, pp12-26, and Pharmacology: Drug Actions and Reac. and Advances in Pharm, 1963, vol. 2, pp1-112, and Nature, 1982, April 1, pp387-390.
[21]Pharmacologist, 1971, vol.18, p272.
[22]Br. J. of Pharm., 1969, Vol. 36, pp35-45.
[23]W. H. Inman, Monitoring for Drug Safety, MTP Press, 1980.
[24]Am. Rev. Resp. Diseases, 1972, vol.105, pp883-890.
[25]Lancet, 1979, Oct.27, p896.
[26]Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,1965, vol. 7, pp1-8.
[27]Animal Toxicity Studies: Their Relevance for Man, Quay Pub. 1990.
[28]British Medical Journal, 1974, May 18, pp365-366.
[29]Drug Withdrawl from Sale, PJB Publications, 1988.
[30]Pharmacology, 1983, vol.27 (suppl 1), pp87-94, and FDA Drug Review: Postapproval Risks 1976-1985 (US GAO), April 1990.
[31]Gut, 1987, vol.28, pp515-518.
[32]Lancet, Jan 10 1987, pp113-114.
[33]Toxicolo. Letters, 1991, vol.55, pp287-293.
[34]Drug Withdrawl from Sale, PJB Publications, 1988.
[35]Reg. Tox. and Pharm., 1990, vol.11, pp288-307, and Postgraduate Med. Journal, 1973, vol.49, April Suppl., pp125-130.
[36]Drugs, 1982, vol.24, pp360-400.
[37]Animal Toxicity Studies, Quay, 1990.
[38]Lancet, 1984, July 28, pp219-220.
[39]Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 1989.
[40]Br. Nat. Form., no.26, 1993.
[41]Reg. Tox. and Pharm., 1990, vol.11, pp288-307.
[42]British Medical Journal, 1983, Jan 15, pp199-202.
[43]Br. Nat. Form., no.26, 1993.
[44]Tox. and Appl. Pharm., 1972, vol. 21, pp516-531.
[45]The Benzodiazepines, MTP Press, 1978.
[46]Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin, 1989, vol.27, p28.
[47]As quot. in Activate For Animals, Oct. 1997, The American Antivivisection Society.
[48]Parke-Davis letter, dated Oct. 31, 1996.
[49]W. Sneader, Drug Discovery: The Evolution of Modern Medicine, Wiley, 1985.
[50]T. Lewis, Clinical Science, Shaw and Sons Ltd., 1934.
[51]Federation Proceedings, 1967, vol.26, pp1125-30.
[52]Toxicology In Vitro, 1992, vol.6, pp.47-52.
[53]JAMA, 1990, April 4, p1766.
[54]Lancet, 1989, July 22, p227.
[55]Lancet, 1989, Oct 28, pp1000-1004.
[56]Hepatology, 1991, vol.13, pp1259-1260.
[57]Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin, 1990, vol.28, pp74-75.
[58]Anesthesiology: Proceedings of the VI World Congress of Anesthesiology, Mexico City 1977.
[59]NEJM, 1987, Sep. 10, pp653-658.
[60]The Causes of Cancer, 1981, Oxford Press.
[61]J. NIH. Res., 1991, vol.3, p46.
[62]Nature, 1991, Feb 28, p732.
Source: Americans for Medical Advancement www.curedisease.com
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